In 1981, Rotraut Pape (*1956 in Berlin, †2019 in Berlin) founded the performance group M. Raskin Stichting Ens with her classmates Andreas Coerper, Elisabeth Fiege, Oliver Hirschbiegel, and Kai Schirmer at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg. Initially, they used video primarily to document their performances, but over time, it gained importance in its own right, and the artists expanded their use of the medium to include the possibilities of image editing.